![]() We seek here to get a better understanding of the intrinsic processes in perovskites and leverage those to manufacture better cells. However, there are three main areas that remain an issue moving forward with perovskites: (1) Stability in atmospheric conditions, (2) Toxicity due to the presence of lead in most “stable” and efficient formulations, and (3) High scale processing for large area processing to make perovskite solar cells commercially viable. Many different formulations of the perovskite structure have resulted in relatively high power conversion efficiencies, which are currently comparable to single junction crystalline silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cell research has been at the forefront of the photovoltaic community for the past few years. Currently, our group has focused on two emerging areas of RFBs: microfluidic and semi-solid flow batteries. This allows power and energy to optimized independently, making RFBs uniquely capable of serving a wide variety of application. ![]() While conventional batteries store energy in solid electrodes, RFBs store energy externally and are only introduced into the device during operation. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a highly efficient energy storage technology that relies on the redox states of electrochemical systems for conversion of chemical to electrical energy. In addition, we have begun work on a printed Zn-air battery for high energy density applications. Currently, our group has continued work on the silver-oxide battery system and made progress in electrode ink design, mitigating battery degradation mechanisms, and scaling batteries for device integration. Previously, we have demonstrated a printed silver-oxide battery using a novel photopolymerizable sol-gel electrolyte and separator. While partially printed battery systems have been demonstrated, fully printed batteries would enable seamless additive manufacturing of integrated systems such as wearable electronics or printed radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. Printed batteries are an emerging energy storage technology, providing on-device power sources for wireless and flexible electronics applications. Our current work involves applying these printed switches to active solar bypass systems for improving performance of solar arrays under partial shading. These devices exhibit abrupt switching of high-current loads ( > 400 mA) with extremely low-leakage in the off-state (< pA) and small mechanical delays. These printed MEM relays have free-standing metal beams printed from metal nanoparticle inks which are electrostatically actuated by printed gate electrodes. Our group has been developing fully-printed MEM switches for high-current switching. Microelectromechanical devices are essential devices in microelectronics for sensing and actuation which utilize the mechanical action of microfabricated structures. This last application is particularly interesting for large-area electronics since, in conjunction with proposed applications of such systems in sensors, associated memories may enable robust pattern matching for sensor output identification. However, more importantly, it also results in extremely interesting nonlinear switching behavior that can be utilized for nontraditional computing such as mimicking synaptic and multilevel behavior, stateful logic, or associative memory. This type of structure can simplify the memory architecture by reducing the number of unique materials that have to be deposited, which is especially desirable in the case of printed electronics. To utilize such devices in an addressable memory array, complementary resistive switching (CRS) using two back-to-back RRAM elements has been demonstrated to prevent current sneak paths between memory locations. ![]() Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) commonly employs transition metal oxides such as Ta 2O 5, NiO, TiO 2, HfO 2, and ZrO 2 as the dielectric material in a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) geometry. The field of resistive switching for nonvolatile memory applications has been widely researched due to its potential for low power consumption, high density of devices, simple architecture, and fast switching speed. We are also exploring applications of metal oxide transistors to low-power gas sensing. Our group is developing new materials, processing, and printing methods to boost the performance of metal oxide transistors and reduce the thermal budget to enable applications on plastic substrates. Metal oxide transistors hold great promise for a variety of applications in information display and ubiquitous sensing. Switches and Sensors Metal Oxide Transistors Resistive Memory Printed MEMs Field Emission Devices Energy Devices Printed Batteries Flow Batteries Perovskite Solar Cells Printing and Material Development Gravure Printing Nanoparticle Inks Bioelectronic Interfaces Accelerated Lifetime Testing Switches and Sensors Metal Oxide Transistors ![]()
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